Thursday, July 29, 2021

JUNE MONTHLY ASSESSMENT



 July 28, 2021

 This is an online E log book to discuss our patient's de-identified health data shared after taking his/her/guardian's signed informed consent. Here, we discuss our individual patient's problems through series of inputs from available global online community of experts with an aim to solve those patient's clinical problems with collective current best evidence based inputs.


MONTHLY SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT


I have been given the following questions to answer in an attempt to understand the topic of 'Patient clinical data analysis' to develop my competency in reading and comprehending clinical data including history, clinical findings, investigations and diagnosis and come up with a treatment, to assess the quality of treatment given and to suggest improvisations. 


 Question 1: Competency tested for Peer to peer review and assessment :

After going through one particular answer of ten students in this l

https://generalmedicinedepartment.blogspot.com/2021/06/bimonthly-formative-and-summative_19.html?m=

Here are my qualitative insights into what was good or bad about the answer. 

3.Cause for current acute excerbation ?

it could be due any infection

In my opinion it could be due to allergy ie hypersensitivity due to weather conditions in January. As patient has repeated episodes of symptoms at the same time every year.


Q2) Share the link to your own case report of a patient that you connected with and engaged while capturing his her sequential life events before and after the illness and clinical and investigational images along with your discussion of that case.  

https://sravanireddy41.blogspot.com/2021/07/75-year-old-male-with-ckd.html


Q3)Testing peer review competency of the examinees) :

Please go through the cases in the links shared above and provide your critical appraisal of the captured data in terms of completeness, correctness and ability to provide useful leads to analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainties around the cases share

         

Q 4)Please analyze the above linked patient data by first preparing a problem list for each patient (based on the shared data) and then discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainty around solving those problems. Also include the review of literature around sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic interventions mentioned and same around efficacy of the therapeutic interventions mentioned for each patient.


MULTI SYSTEM 


https://nikithaedam48.blogspot.com/2021/06/18-year-old-malefrom-miryalagudawho-is.html?m=1

    Overview 

18 year old male came with the chief complaints of back pain since 1 week ,low backache 1 week ago,fever since 5 days ,yellowish discolouration of eyes since 3 days, vomitings (2 episodes) and loose stools (3 episodes) and blood tinged urine yesterday morning 

Appraisal

Examination was very well done from head to toe and Temperature charting with the complete information was good 

     My analysis 

In my analysis as the patient has got covid antibodies positive it could me multi system inflammation - covid 

As he has Diabetes . Whole time it was seen as DKA and infection rather than MIS-C 


CNS 

https://pallavi191.blogspot.com/2021/06/gm-cases.html?m=1

       Overview 

A 28 year old male came with history of TB 1 month back came with  chief complaints of sudden fall followed by weakness of both the lower limbs (paraplegia) and loss of hand grip 10 days back, associated with bowel and bladder incontinence.

      Appraisal

The fact that the patients relative was also infected with TB solidifies the diagnosis.

The approach to the cause of the paralysis through a detailed history of case was done well

    Negative points

 Tuberculosis affecting the nerve root through a cold abscess can be clinically found by examination rather than going through an advanced techniques like CT

The history was inadequate about the abscess 

      My analysis

 The  spine will be secondarily affected in the TB..

Proper examination for the local deficits of the involved region ... Is need 

If it is just due to compression of cold abscess will the draining of abscess helps him to continue his normal life 


Renal 

https://61tejarshini.blogspot.com/2021/06/general-medicine-case-discussion.html?m=1

Captured by one student from 2017 batch in the link below 

      Overview

  A 45 yr old male with cheif complaints of : Altered Sensorium (Hypo active) and lethargy since  Morning

History of fever 10 days back,lasted for 3 days, followed by Pedal edema with Anasarca with Shortness of breath present even at rest .

Appraisal

Well monitoring of  creatinine and halting the damage to kidney without going to irreversible failure.

Also dialysis which helped the patient's encephalopathy was good .

Case was taken correctly including all systems . All the problems like infection, hypertension and chronic proteinuria causing kidney failure were addressed well and treated

Negative points

Personal history about addiction was not taken properly which might help diagnosis and liver cirrhosis

Patient was not warned or given medication for hypertension or pedal edema which might be first sign of renal failure

The liver failure was not explained which had lead to cirrhosis , damage to liver was not know as LFT was not done

My analysis

I think case history was taken incompletely and it would be better if LFT was taken .

It's better to prevent disease than cure so proper management of initial  symptoms like pedal edema or hypertension should be properly done and review examination should be done frequently


CVS 

https://60shirisha.blogspot.com/2021/06/medicine-case-discussion_14.html?m=1

Overview

 A 70 year old female presented to casuality with complaints of Distension of abdomen and shortness of breath Grade-3 since 5days

Appraisal

  Diagnosis and tests were adequate. The problem in the heart was localised with 2D echo. The wall abnormality and the chamber affected were seen. 

Negative points

the cause for abdominal distention was not addressed properly

 the cause for atrial fibrillation in a hypothyroidism patient was not solved.

My analysis

The diagnosis must also should have taken the age of the patient into consideration as she is of 70yrs of age were any interventions are not successful and the problem lies in the degeneration of tissue due to old age.

Captured by one student from 2019 batch in the link below :


Abdominal 

https://casescape.blogspot.com/2021/06/acute-kidney-injury-secondary-to.html?m=1


Overview

A 60yr old female presented to the OPD with chief complaints of pedal edema since 10 days, decreased urine output since 10 days and fever since 10 days.

Appraisal

Case was take in detailed format 

Every day follow up was very well done

Examination and investigations were done as needed 

Negative points 

There are no pus cells or markers of inflammation in the due report.

The fact that the patient was a diabetic was not taken into consideration in suggesting the acute kidney injury secondary to infection

Why she has bp of 170/90

Why there is no sign of infection in CUE??

My analysis 

   I think it could be diagnosed as urinary tract infection with diabetes mellitus which is leading to acute kidney injury.

Q5)Testing scholarship competency in  

logging reflective observations on your concrete experiences of this last month : (10 marks) 

Reflective logging of one's own experiences is a vital tool toward competency development in medical education and research. 

Here are the pictures of the log notes I've done during the postings for better understanding the patient symptoms and to reach a correct diagnosis.


 










Wednesday, July 28, 2021

JULY MONTHLY ASSESSMENT

Question 1: Competency tested for Peer to peer review and assessment : 


Please go through one student's entire answer paper from this link, the one who is closest to your own roll number:


and share your peer review of each answer with your qualitative insights into what was good or bad about the answer.

Case 1 :

 My review : 
Evolution of symptomatology has been very well explained with a proper timeline for clear understanding. The mechanism of action has also been depicted well. 


Case 2 : 

 My review :  
I agree with the probable cause given by peer as their is consumption of alcohol by the patient will cause changes in the kidney and liver functions which will cause the retention and decrease in filtration which will cause increase in the pressure of blood.


Case 3 : 

My review : 
The given case is about cerebral ataxia and the patient has slurring speech and deviation of mouth. The case well presented with pharmacological aspects. 


Case 4 : 

My review :
The peer got up with the exact findings that is RVD positive as the patient had a high-grade fever for 2 months, dysphagia for 2months, cough on eating/drinking for 2 months, hoarseness of voice and TB positive. So, I agree with the peer findings.
Flow charts presented are good for understanding. 


Case 5: 

My review : 
(Insights :- The pathopyshiology was clearly explained with beautiful flow charts and what is the primary etiology of the patient's problem was clearly explained).
Due to consumption of local alcohol (toddy) ,it is the factor for liver abscess.alcohol consumption has more effect in liver.right lobe of liver is more effected due to more blood supply to it .
Indications are
• large abscess more than 6 cm
• Left lower abscess
• abscess not responding to drug 



Case 6: 

My review : 
The symptomatology has been very well explained with the help of a hand-drawn diagram, the etiology is very well supported with the help of a flowchart that appeals to the reader each subquestion has been made visible which enhances the readability of the document

Each pharmacological intervention has been explained in-depth with comprehensive language.



Case 7: 
My review : I agree with my peer’s opinion. This is a case of cortical vein thrombosis with hemorrhagic venous  infarction in right posterior temporal lobe with and iron deficiency anemia. Required investigations were done and MRI confirmed cortical vein thrombosis to resolve that clexane was prescribed. Clexane ( enoxaparin) low molecular weight heparin binds and potentiates antithrombin III. Further , seizures were seen due to persisting excitable foci by abnormal firing of neurons. All required treatment was given and progress in the patients condition was seen. Neurological diseases are tricky and this patient was dealt with adequate care which resulted in this better health.


Case 8: 
My review : I agree with her opinion. This is a case of viral pneumonia secondary to COVID -19. Given the ongoing pandemic situation, this patient tested positive for COVID -19 and was admitted. Further investigations revealed impaired CBP and respiratory exam was abnormal with vesicular sounds. Steroids were given along with additional O2 , nebuliation and antipyretics. Vitamins were also prescribed. And patient was subsequently discharged upon betterment. The SARS-Cov-2 virus has been rapidly spreading causing respiratory distress progressing to ARDS and proving fatal. The medical intervention for this patient was given before the symptoms worsened to an irreversible state and the patient got better. Appropriate treatment at the earliest is the best way to deal with the ongoing pandemic. Patient should be quarantined until he becomes negative for COVID-19.


Case 9:

My review : 
Case of atherosclerosis. Anatomical site is blood vessels, due to arterial thrombosis arteries have become hard and narrow. Hypertension is observed. Cardiorenal syndrome type 4 is observed. Drugs like tab dytor, tab cardivas, tab digoxin are recommended.The presentation is clear and good.


Case 10: 
My review : 
This is a case of acute coronary syndrome. The patient came to OPD with shortness of breath . She is known case of HTN and DM. The review is very well written in the form of nice flow chart about her past illness to present illness. And risk factors of DM and HTN point to a cardiac origin is also explained. In the review indications and contradictions of PCI is very well explained. The patient is treated for all her symptoms.



Q2) Share the link to your own case report of a patient that you connected with and engaged while capturing his her sequential life events before and after the illness and clinical and investigational images along with your discussion of that case. 


Q3) (Testing peer review competency of the examinees) :

Please go through the cases in the links shared above and provide your critical appraisal of the captured data in terms of completeness, correctness and ability to provide useful leads to analyze the diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainties around the cases shared.


AKI:

https://laharikantoju.blogspot.com/2021/07/58-year-old-male-patient-elog-lahari.html?m=1

      OVERVIEW 

A 58 year old male patient came to casualty with chief complaints of:

 lower abdominal pain: 1 week ,burning micturation:1week ,

low back ache after lifting weights

dribbling / decrease of urine out put:1week

fever :1 week

SOB  :1week  

     Appraisal :

Case history was taken well and examination was very well done 

    Negative points :

It would be better if fever chart is added as it was treated with strict temp monitoring as it would be better understood improvement of the case was not well mentioned

    My analysis :

 This is a case of Acute kidney injury( AKI) 2° to UTI, associated with Denovo - DM -2

With ? Right HEART FAILURE,

With K/C/O - HTN ( Not on Rx)

-AKI causes a build-up of waste products in your blood and makes it hard for your kidneys to keep the right balance of fluid in your bodyand return of creatinine to the base line and symptoms less then 3 months indicating it to be a AKI

Acute on ckd : 

http://srinaini25.blogspot.com/2021/07/srinaini-roll-no-33-3rd-semester-this.html

       Overview :

A 75yr old male patient ,labourer by occupation ,came to casuality with Cheif complaints of 

• Lower backache since 10days

• dribbling of urine since 10days

• Pedal edema since 3days 

• SOB at rest since 3days 

• Increased involuntary movements of both upper limbs since 10days 

       Appraisal :

History was taken well 

       Negative points :

There are no pictures of pedal edema .

Proper chronological order of symptoms apperance was not done 

No IO charting was done though it was told it should be strictly monitored

      My analysis: 

This is case of Acute renal failure (intrinsic)

 Grade 1 L4-L5 Spondylodiscitis, Multifocal infectious Spondylodiscitis

Hyperuricemia 2° to Renal failure 

Uraemia induced tremors( resolved)

Delerium 2° to septic /Uremic encephalopathy (resolving)

CKD: 

https://krupalatha54.blogspot.com/2021/07/a-49-yr-old-female-with-generalized.html?m=1

       Overview :

A 49 yr old female , mother of 2 children, who is a house wife, apparently asymptomatic 13 yrs ago and then she noticed mass per anum with bleeding , went to hospital and diagnosed as haemorrhoids and got operated.

- Since 3 yrs she has history of muscle aches, for which she is using NSAIDs.

- She has h/o fever 20 days back, got treated in the local hospital, and 

- Since 20 days she has generalized weakness.

- She also has h/o vomitings since 3 days, with food as content, non - projectile , non bilious.

       Apprisal: 

History was taken well.

Good lab work clear evaluation was done 

       Negative points : 

There are no clinical pics of the symptoms 

Proper chronological order of symptoms apperance was not done 

Fever chart was not included.

No IO charting was done though it was told it should be strictly monitoredit would have been better if urine was sent for eosinophils for interatial disease

      My analysis:

This is  case of CKD ?

 Chronic interstitial nephritis secondary to plasma cell dyscariasis, (multiple myeloma - 70% plasmacytosis).


PATIENT WITH COMA AND RENAL FAILURE :

https://ananyapulikandala106.blogspot.com/2021/06/a-35yr-old-female-elog.html

      Overview : 

A 35 yr old female with Fever and Diarrhea since 5 days( 4 to 5 times a day with blood discharge).

Back pain( 5 days ago) with abdominal pain and chest pain.

     Appraisal: 

With good fever charting with all the necessary information.

History was taken detailed way 

All the tests were properly done 

     Negative points : 

I could not find the negative data in the elog  

      My analysis : 

It could be the hypoxia which could have caused the permanent brain damage which was the reason for her vegetative state . Subjectively she was told better but objectively no improvement was Seen. Hospitalisation has increased the infection to the bed sore it would have been better if discharged early as it was permanent damage and was impossible to treat anyway.

Q4: Testing scholarship competency of the examinees ( ability to read comprehend, analyze, reflect upon and discuss captured patient centered data as in their 'original' answers to the assignment for May 2021):


Please analyze the above linked patient data by first preparing a problem list for each patient (based on the shared data) and then discuss the diagnostic and therapeutic uncertainty around solving those problems. Also include the review of literature around sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic interventions mentioned and same around efficacy of the therapeutic interventions mentioned for each patient. 

Analysis the data

 https://ananyapulikandala106.blogspot.com/2021/06/a-35yr-old-female-elog.html 

Analysis of  A 35 yr old female with Fever and Diarrhea since 5 days( 4 to 5 times a day with blood discharge).

Back pain( 5 days ago) with abdominal pain and chest pain

Vegetative state of the patient could be due to  hypoxia which could have caused the permanent brain damage which was the reason for her vegetative state . Subjectively she was told better but objectively no improvement was Seen.

Link supporting the data 


Intermittent Fever spikes can be explained due to the bed sores clearly explained through culture of the sores 




Sepsis might be the reason for encephalopathy by altering the blood brain barrier 

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/amed/2014/762320/


Q 5) Testing scholarship competency in  

logging reflective observations on your concrete experiences of this last month : (10 marks) 


Reflective logging of one's own experiences is a vital tool toward competency development in medical education and research. 

The telemedical learning from the hospital has been a new experience and we learnt a lot of things through reflective observation during lockdown. It’s a bit challenging as we have just entered internship,We have learnt elogging of the cases in a very short span of time and made juniors do so. I could answer the questions from juniors easily as I have been part of many discussion in ICU and wards. By doing this assignment I could view many cases and many case scenarios through which I learned many things.



Monday, July 26, 2021

60 year old female with CVA

This is a case of 60 year old female (fruit and vegetable vendor) which chief complaints of giddiness,  right upper limb and lower limb weakness and slurring of speech. 


CHEIF COMPLAINTS:  
  • Giddiness and generalised weakness around 6pm in the evening 
  • Right upper limb & lower limb weakness and slurring of speech around 8pm in the night 

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS: 
  • Patient was apparently a symptomatic till 6pm in the evening. She suddenly started developing giddiness, after which the patient was taken to the local RMP and found BP was 160/80 mmHg 
  • She was prescribed T.amlong 5mg and BP was lowered to (systolic 130mmHg) 
  • Giddiness was non rotational, no postural variation, no change with position of the head, not associated with blurring of vision or headaches. Lasted for 30 min. 
  • The taken to the local hospital where sublingual NTG was given.
  • followed by sudden onset of weakness of right upper & lower limbs and slurring of speech. Not able to lift/move the limbs from the bed. 
  • No loss of touch, pain, temperature sensations on the right. Not associated with difficulty in swallowing, deviation of mouth, tip of tongue. 

HISTORY OF PAST ILLNESS: 
Not a k/c/o of diabetes mellitus, hypertension. 


TREATMENT HISTORY: 
Nothing significant 


PERSONAL HISTORY: 
  • Appetite : normal 
  • Non vegetarian 
  • Bowels: regular 
  • Micturition: normal 

FAMILY HISTORY: 
Nothing significant 


PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: 
GENERAL : 
  • Pallor - mild 
  • Oedema - B/L pedal oedema
  • No signs of icterus, cyanosis, clubbing of fingers/toes, lymphadenopathy
  • Mild dehydration 

VITALS: 
  • Temperature - afebrile 
  • Pulse- regularly irregular 
  • BP - 130/90 mmHg 
  • SpO2: 96% at room air 
  • GRBS- 160 mg%

SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION: 

CVS: 
S1, S2 heard 

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: 
BAE + 

PER-ABDOMEN: 
  • Shape: scaphoid 
  • Tenderness: absent 
  • Bowel sounds: yes 
  • No palpable mass, no organomegaly

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 
  •  Level of consciousness : drowsy 1 arousable
  • Speech : slurred 
  • Signs of meningeal irritation: none 
  • Motor system: right - tone absent 
  •                                    Power - UL,  LL
  •                                                 1/5 , 0/5 
  • Sensory system : + 
  • Glasgow scale: E4V5M6 


PROVISIONAL DIAGNOSIS: 

Acute ischemic CVA with right hemiplegia 2° to ? Cardioembolic with slurring of speech 


INVESTIGATIONS: 

1. SERUM MAGNESIUM 



2. HEMOGRAM



3. LIVER FUNCTION TESTS




4. HBsAG: 




 
5. Anti HCV antibodies: 






6. ECG:






7. Lipid profile 




8. RFT 



9. HIV 1/2 rapid test: 



TREATMENT: 
24/7/21:
Tab.Atorvas - 20 mg - HS
Tab.Ecospirin-75mg- OD
Tab.Clopidogrel -75mg-OD


25/7/21:
Tab.Ecospirin-75mg-OD 
Tab.Clopidogrel-75mg-OD
Tab.Atorvas-20mg-HS


26/7/21:
Tab.Ecospirin-75mg-OD
Tab.Clopitab-75mg-OD
Tab.Atorvas-20mg-OD 

27/7/21:
Tab.Ecospirin-75mg-OD
Tab.Clopitab-75mg-OD
Tab.Atorvas-20mg-OD 



Thursday, July 22, 2021

A case of 45 year old with AKI

 A 45 year old female , an agricultural labour by occupation came to the casualty with the  chief complaints of-

•fever since 1 month 
•facial puffiness since 9 days
•decreased urine output since 6 days 
•vomiting since 2-3 days

HOPI–

The patient was apparently asymptomatic one month back and then developed fever,Which was high-grade, associated with chills, and was taken to a local hospital and  got treated. Along with fever, she had loss of appetite and loss of taste. Fever subsided for one day and then she developed it again.

She visited the hospital after 15 days, Where they advised her to consult a gynaecologist as she had her last LMP2 years back

She never had any complaints of pain abdomen

Then, she consulted a gynaecologist, and the doctor advised her USG for the localisation of infection. The USG revealed a right ovarian cyst. Along with USG ,haemogram, RFT, LFT were done. RFT showed all  the values Within the normal range with creatinine being around 0.9-1 ,Haemoglobin was normal. Apart from having right ovarian cyst, she has no other findings. So, the patient was referred to a general surgeon. The size of the variant cyst was about 8 cm and the doctors thought to operate it. They scheduled the surgery on 11/7/21 and  patient had been to the hospital on 9/7/21 For pre-anaesthetic checkup. So, on that day her HB was 10, and then she underwent two units of PRBC transfusion. The patient was scheduled to get operated on 11/7/21 at 3:00 pm. When the patient was in the OT and put on foley’s And all the anaesthetic medications were given but on opening the abdomen, she had subcutaneous edema and And the fluid Was gushing out of it. The doctors were not sure where the fluid was coming from, whether it’s from the right ovarian cyst or peritoneum.

Assuming it to be the peritoneal fluid, it was thought to be ascites,And ascitic fluid analysis was sent




Patient had TB 15 years back, assuming it to be abdominal TB, samples were sent for AFB and gram stain

Then, she came to the casualty of Kims on 15/7/21 at 9 PM saying that she needs to undergo dialysis and the patient was referred to this hospital in view of further haemodialysis to be done.

When she presented to the casualty, she did not have any pedal edema or SOB

 PAST HISTORY-

Not a known case of diabetes mellitus and hypertension

Known case of pulmonary Koch’s disease 15 years back and used antitubercular drugs for one year

PERSONAL HISTORY-

Diet – mixed

Sleep – adequate

Appetite – lost

Bowel and bladder – decreased urine output

No addictions

FAMILY HISTORY-

No relevant family history

GENERAL EXAMINATION-

Patient is conscious, coherent, cooperative

VITALS-

TEMP-afebrile

BP-110/70 mmhg

RR-22 cpm

PR-82bpm

Pallor- Present



No icterus, cyanosis,clubbing,lymphadenopathy,edema of feet

SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION-

PER ABDOMEN-

INSPECTION-

Abdomen is distended with transverse umbilicus

No engorged veins are seen

PALPATION-

There is no organomegaly

PERCUSSION-

Shifting dullness is present

Ascitic  fluid analysis was done

The SAAG is 0.98



CVS-

S1,S2 heard

No thrills and murmurs


RESPIRATORY-

BAE +

NVBS heard

Trachea is central in position


CNS-

No focal neurological deficit


Gynaecology referral was done



Recent gynaecology referral-


They advised to talk to oncosurgeon, who advised CECT for her to look for any cervical lymphadenopathy but it turned out to be clueless.


CAUSE OF AKI?

Perioperative AKI does not arise from a single insult, but instead develops as a result of several, with hypoperfusion and inflammation thought to be the main drivers. Perioperative AKI is due to inflammation caused by hemodynamic instabilities, nephrotoxicity, damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP), and obstruction. Decrease in mean arterial pressure (MAP) due to hypovolemia or systemic effects of anesthetics contribute to renal hypoperfusion. Once the intrinsic compensatory mechanisms of the kidneys, mediated through sympathetic nervous system activation leading to the production of antidiuretic hormone and angiotensin-II, are surpassed, the kidneys are unable to maintain an adequate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal function is reduced. In patients with underlying chronic renal disease, autoregulation is impaired, exacerbating the effects of hypoperfusion. Additionally, surgical stimulation induces systemic inflammation leading to microcirculatory effects, endothelial dysfunction, and increased leukocyte migration. The net result of these inflammatory changes is damage to the renal tubules and AKI. 

CAUSE OF ASCITES?

FURTHER PLAN


INVESTIGATIONS-


CT REPORT-


ULTRASOUND REPORT-


PROVISIONAL DIAGNOSIS-

Perioperative AKI(Pre-Renal/Renal)

Ascitis secondary to ?abdominal kochs 

Right ovarian cyst (?Benign) 

K/c/o pulmonary koch’s 15 years back


JUNE MONTHLY ASSESSMENT

  July 28, 2021   This is an online E log book to discuss our patient's de-identified health data shared after taking his/her/guardian&#...